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The CMOS setup utility is accessible during startup. CMOS typically stores configuration information about the basic elements of the computer, including RAM, video, and storage devices. If CMOS is damaged or incapable of retaining its configuration data, the computer might be unable to start. Each manufacturer and BIOS vendor can decide what a user can configure in the CMOS utility and what the standard configuration is. You can access the CMOS utility by using the keyboard sequence that is displayed during startup or by using a software tool, depending on the manufacturer s specifications. Record or print all CMOS information. The computer uses the CMOS checksum to determine whether any CMOS values have been changed other than by using the CMOS setup program. If the checksum is not correct, the computer cannot start.

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After the CMOS is correctly configured, any CMOS problem is usually caused by one of the following situations:

Running IIS on Windows XP Professional Getting to Know IIS History of IIS Features Overview Preview of IIS Version 60 Installing IIS Configuring IIS Services Configuring Global Web Site Properties Configuring Individual (Default) Web Site Properties Configuring FTP Services Configuring SMTP Services Part 3.

A weak battery, which can happen when the computer has been turned off for a long time A loose or faulty connection between the CMOS and the battery A damaged CMOS caused by static electric discharge

Another source of disk problems can be cabling and connectors. Cables can become defective, but if the cable works initially, it is likely to work for a long time. When new disks are added to the computer, check for cabling problems. New problems might stem from a previously unused connector on an existing cable or from a faulty, longer cable used to connect all the disks that might have replaced the working original. Also check the connections to the disk themselves. If the cables are tightly stretched, one or more connectors might work themselves loose over time, resulting in intermittent problems with the disks. If your system has small computer system interface (SCSI) adapters, contact the manufacturer for updated Windows XP Professional drivers. Try disabling sync negotiation in the SCSI BIOS, checking the SCSI identifiers of each device, and confirming proper termination. For AT Attachment devices, define the onboard IDE port as Primary only. Also, check each ATA device for the proper master, slave, or stand-alone setting. Try removing all ATA devices except for hard disks. For universal serial bus and IEEE 1394 disks, verify that the cables are correctly connected and that the adapter card, if used, is securely seated. To make sure that any new disks and disk controllers are supported, see the Windows Catalog at http://www.microsoft.com/windows/catalog.

When finished, the content of your diagram should resemble the content shown in Figure 8-12. Make sure your relationships are arranged properly by looking at where the infinity symbols and yellow keys are located and by looking at Table 8-4 for verification. 11. Click the Save All button or press Ctrl+Shift+S to commit the changes to the database. Click Yes when asked whether you want to save.

A sector is a unit of storage on a hard disk and is typically 512 bytes. Computers access certain sectors on a hard disk during startup to determine which operating system to start and where the partitions are located. The data stored on these sectors varies depending on the computer platform. Computers that are x86-based begin the startup process from disks that contain a master boot record and are referred to as MBR disks. 64-bit computers start up from disks that contain a GUID partition table and are referred to as GPT disks. MBR and GPT disks each have disk sectors critical to startup, but the differences in the sectors are not visible in the graphical user interface. Instead, you must use a disk-editing tool, such as DiskProbe, to see how the data on these sectors is structured. For more information about using DiskProbe, see DiskProbe earlier in this chapter.

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Part V:

The ability to edit and repair these sectors on a byte-by-byte basis after corruption has occurred is invaluable, but using a disk-editing tool requires a thorough understanding of how data is organized on the sectors. If you make a mistake, you can damage or permanently overwrite critical on-disk data structures that might make all data on a disk or volume permanently inaccessible. Therefore, it is a good idea to use the information in this chapter to learn about the sectors used for startup, and then to examine the sectors on your own disks to further your learning.

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The two sectors critical to starting x86-based computers are the following: